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Immigrant Nations, by Paul Scheffer
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This book is a major reassessment of how immigration is changing our world. The policies of multiculturalism that were implemented in the wake of postwar immigration have, after 9/11, come under intense scrutiny, and the continuing flow of populations has helped to ensure that immigration remains high on the social and political agenda.
Based on his deep knowledge of the European and American experiences, Scheffer shows how immigration entails the loss of familiar worlds, both for immigrants and for host societies, and how coming to terms with a new environment evolves from avoidance through conflict to accommodation. The conflict that accompanies all major migratory movements is not a failure of integration but part of a search for new ways to live together. It prompts an intensive process of self-examination. That is why immigration has such a profound existential impact: it goes to the heart of institutions like the welfare state and liberties like the freedom of expression.
Scheffer argues that our ability to cope with the challenges posed by immigration requires that we move beyond multiculturalism and find a new balance between openness and exclusion. Tolerance cannot be based on avoidance but should rest on the principle of reciprocity, which means that native populations cannot ask of newcomers any more than they themselves are prepared to contribute.
This principled and path-breaking book will establish itself as a classic work on immigration and will be an indispensable text for anyone interested in one of the most important social and political issues of
our time.
- Sales Rank: #2112531 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Polity
- Published on: 2011-06-20
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.14" w x 6.00" l, 1.32 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 300 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
'An important, ambitious book ... As the revolt against mass immigration and multiculturalism shows no signs of weakening in Europe, it is timely to have a rational and liberal defence of the new scepticism that ranges with such confidence across so many countries - and is a damn good read too.'
Financial Times
'With Immigrant Nations, Scheffer offers an extension of his earlier arguments and an answer to his critics ... essential reading for anyone with an interest in the issue.'
Times Higher Education
'Arguably the best study in many years of the effects that mass immigration has had on the countries and cities of western Europe and north America.'
European Voice
'Should be required reading for those engaged with this important issue.'
Foreign Affairs
'With major cities as focal points, Scheffer argues for a revision of both how we look at our legislative and cultural relationship with immigration by way of revisiting historical precedents as well as considering the profoundly different (more densely populated and globalized) world in which we live today.'
Pop Matters
'The breadth of this study is formidable. Exploring as it does the history of voluntary or forced emigration and immigration, slavery and the US and the problems of assimilation, it covers a number of controversial bases in a non-sensationalist way. The recurring subject of large and diverse Muslim communities in European cities is the most significant theme of this book and it's an issue which is tackled with courage and honesty.'
Morning Star
'Scheffer tackles the problems resulting from immigration into Europe with a candid critique of antiforeign sentiments and the feelings of immigrant populations as well ... Highly recommended.'
Choice
'An honest and vivid exploration of the many issues that contemporary immigration presents for European societies ... proof that the immigration debate can and should be moved beyond its current impasse.'
Survival: Global Politics and Strategy
‘Paul Scheffer has written the most acute, sensitive and nuanced account there is of Europe's new immigrants. This book is essential reading for anyone who wishes to understand today's Europe.'
Timothy Garton Ash, St Antony's College, Oxford
‘Paul Scheffer handles a combustible subject with uncommon restraint. His tone is sharp yet compassionate; his scope is broad yet detailed; he is an insider yet unobtrusive. In a subtle way he reveals the layers of painful contradictions that plague a people who for decades cultivated a self-image of tolerance and freedom, only to be cast into self-doubt as that image is tested by the arrival and settlement of Muslim immigrants.'
Ayaan Hirsi Ali, American Enterprise Institute
‘A vital contribution to the current discussions in Europe on the problems of immigration. Scheffer's voice is urgent, timely and penetrating. This book should be read by all Europeans, and indeed by all people, who are interested in one of the most pressing issues of our time: how to integrate non-Western immigrants, especially immigrants with Muslim backgrounds, into Western societies.'
Ian Buruma, Bard College
From the Back Cover
This book is a major reassessment of how immigration is changing our world. The policies of multiculturalism that were implemented in the wake of post-war immigration have, especially since 9/11, come under intense scrutiny, and the continuing flow of populations has helped to ensure that immigration remains the focus of intense social and political debate.
Based on his deep knowledge of the European and American experience, Scheffer shows how immigration entails the loss of familiar worlds, both for immigrants and for host societies. The conflict that accompanies all major migratory movements is not the result of a failure of integration, but is part of a search for new ways of living together. It prompts an intensive process of self-examination on all sides.
Immigration has such a profound impact because it goes to the heart of institutions like the welfare state and liberties like the freedom of expression; liberal democracies developing into immigrant nations go through an existential change. To cope with these challenges, Scheffer argues, we should move beyond multiculturalism and take a fresh look at the meaning of citizenship in a globalizing world.
This principled and path-breaking book will establish itself as a classic work on immigration and will be an indispensable text for anyone interested in one of the most important social and political issues of our time.
About the Author
Paul Scheffer is Professor of Urban Studies at the University of Amsterdam
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Reciprocity
By Diziet
This is the most thought-provoking book I've read in quite a while.
Immigration is a subject it seems rather difficult to discuss without getting aerated one way or another, slipping into extreme positions, or suggesting platitudinous compromises that satisfy no-one.
But this book provides a cool, calm and closely argued overview of the subject from a comprehensive range of perspectives.
Each chapter is an essay on some aspect of immigration.
Chapter 1, 'A Suitcase in the Hall', looks at how so many immigrants initially arrive as 'guest workers', only here for a job, always looking to return to family and community, finding themselves slowly becoming residents, albeit within their own transplanted society, not really becoming a part of the society in which they still consider themselves temporary residents.
Chapter 2 expands on this. 'The World in the City' looks at how different immigrant communities slowly form within western cities, segregated in schools, inward looking, defensive:
'The monotonous high-rise blocks are speckled with satellite dishes tuned to a different reality. 'Dish city' symbolizes a world that's grown smaller in both sense, in which technological innovation helps to perpetuate a parochial way of life. A global village, indeed, but did the people who thought up that slogan ever consider the ways in which global communications can foster a village mentality?' (P43)
Chapter 3, 'The Great Migration', considers the reasons and impetus for the current waves of immigration. This is the only chapter to contain statistics and they make for interesting reading. To what extent is migration a form of 'development aid' as so many immigrants send money home? How are economic policies, such as protectionism for agricultural produce, fuelling immigration? Are we seeing a 'clash of civilisations'? And the end of 'nation states'?
Chapter 4 looks specifically at the Netherlands (Scheffer is Dutch). The Netherlands is famously tolerant, but how far should this tolerant country tolerate the intolerant? And to what extent is this famed tolerance merely a cover for indifference?
Following from this, Chapter 5 compares French, German and British experiences and histories of earlier migrations. Irish catholics in Britain, Poles to Germany (Prussia), Italians to France, amongst many other groups and nationalities.
Chapter 6 considers the effects of colonialism and post-colonialism. This chapter is fascinating, as it considers not only Darwinism, but also the growing subject of anthropology and its positing of cultural relativism:
'This tendency within anthropology has an explicit pedagogical goal: a recognition of the relativity of all morality will encourage politeness and respect in our dealings with people of other cultures. The defeat of ethnocentrism in Europe and America is therefore seen as a contributor towards peaceful coexistence of different cultural groups.' (P194)
Although conceived with the best of intentions, this really leads us into a very conservative position:
'Bias is democratised, as it were; everyone has a right to his own prejudices. No escape is possible, since we are all trapped in our own partiality. In this sense relativism is a form of conservatism; if we take the force of custom as a starting point, cultural innovation becomes hard to conceive. A critical morality, by contrast, aims to put cultural traditions up for negotiation in the name of universal values.' (P195)
Chapter 7 continues with a look at the history of immigration in the US, suggesting that there are surprising and illuminating parallels between Europe and the US. Initially, the US was a 'land of colonists'; only subsequently did it become a 'land of immigrants' and the various waves of immigration have each had their effects.
Chapter 8 looks at Islam. In this post-9/11 world, this is a crucial subject to consider and again Scheffer provides much food for thought. It seems too often that Muslims see themselves as 'victims' - Islam has stagnated largely because of 'Western imperialism and Israeli Zionism' (P274). But there are reformist thinkers who suggest that perhaps the fault has been at least in part within Islam itself. Initially a thriving society, it stagnated within a religious orthodoxy. Scheffer suggests that:
'[I]f Muslims intend to live in liberal democracies while retaining the idea that the Koran or the prophet are above all criticism and must never be the object of ridicule, then they condemn themselves to the role of eternal outsiders. Freedom for Muslims can be defended only if Muslims are willing to defend the freedom of their critics.' (P282)
Finally, Chapter 9, 'Land of Arrival' pulls many of the threads together, returning to the themes outlined in the opening chapters.
The pressure to allow immigration of unskilled, uneducated workers comes from business, a neoliberal 'laissez-faire' ideology, holding down the value of wages to the extent that 'indigenous' workers will not accept such pay and conditions, preferring instead to rely on welfare.
And then business has no further use for these low paid immigrants who, in the interim, have brought over their families and dependents.
So, from an initial immigrant population with 80% employment, we have an established community of immigrants with perhaps only 40% employment, the rest simply relying on welfare. The resentment of the indigenous population is understandable but, as Owen Jones suggests in his recent book 'Chavs', too often this resentment is used by 'liberals' to suggest that:
"they are defending immigrants from the "ignorant" white working class." (Johann Hari, quoted in 'Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class' P 116)
In this book, Scheffer is not afraid to challenge this 'liberal class'. In fact, he points out that, although immigration might initially effect just those at the 'bottom' of the social pile, slowly the effects spread out and up.
But really, the main theme that Scheffer keeps coming back to, implicitly and explicitly, is 'reciprocation'. He challenges the French insistence on 'Frenchness' which alienates so many, the German post-World War II timidity and the much-vaunted British 'multiculturalism' (which, interestingly, he links to neoliberalism - 'Multiculturalism and market liberalism have a great deal in common in that they both seriously call in to question the value of the social compromise within the borders of Western countries.' (P92))
Scheffer states:
'...reciprocity is the key. Anyone wanting to challenge discrimination against migrants and their children must be prepared to oppose other forms of discrimination too - against unbelievers or homosexuals, for example. We can't demand equal treatment for some but not for all. With this attitude in mind we begin to see the outlines of a society in which people with diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds realize that for all their independence they nevertheless rely on one another.' (P314)
At times the prose may be dense, but the ideas are challenging, uncomfortable and even occasionally upsetting. But they are important ideas and they may show us a way forward, while maintaining the links with all our pasts.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Mainly a European study, but with some reference and relevance to the USA
By Lost John
Although this book is written by a single author, the experience of reading it is reminiscent of attending a conference. There are well-informed and interesting chapters that would serve well as conference papers; points of view that are interesting because the point of view - frequently in this case Amsterdam and the Netherlands - is different from your own; assertions with which you would personally disagree; the odd piece of thinking that is indeed very odd (or perhaps it has just lost or gained something in translation); and you will definitely leave this 'conference' happy to have gained new insights and with plenty to continue to think about.
Different people will bring away different things, but among the nuggets to be picked-over is the insight that the problems that go with mass immigration from distant lands and cultures (there are benefits too) do not relate to immigrants alone but are deeply embedded in our wider society, regardless of immigration. Just how 'literate' is the general population? How good is the knowledge of any of us of the workings of our civic institutions? How engaged in 'society' are we as individuals, even to the undemanding extent of always voting in elections?
Scheffer quotes Elspeth Huxley, who wrote in 1965 "Immigrants have created few new problems, they have merely underscored those that already perplex our society."
One such problem is integral to the welfare state. Because most people are able to maintain a certain standard of living without undertaking onerous, dirty, low-paid work, we have to turn to ever-renewed waves of immigrants to undertake those tasks for us. In time, a goodly proportion of "guest workers" become permanent residents. They bring their families, produce a second generation.... and those among them who remain low-skilled eventually also find it better to be unemployed than to undertake certain tasks. Another wave of immigration is then required.
And which group in our society most wants and most benefits from a continuing flow of non-unionized people willing to accept low wages and unattractive working conditions? And who, through the taxation system, pays the much higher ultimate cost of that 'cheap' labor?
It's a tight knot of problems, taking in housing, education, language, religion, and very much more. Scheffer sometimes indulges in rhetoric, "living together requires commitment on both sides", but offers no ready solution. There is no ready solution. His extensive survey of previous waves of immigrants to Britain, Europe and elsewhere may provide comfort; historically, most immigrants have quickly come to see themselves as belonging wholeheartedly to their new country of residence. Problems meanwhile of poverty, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency (check out the origin of the word 'hooligan'), involvement in crime, and clashes with other racial groups are absolutely nothing new. However, Scheffer is no advocate of complacency, nor even of muddling along as we always have; given the actual and potential damage, destruction and unhappiness on all sides, he is most certainly right.
0 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Immigrant Nations
By Elaine Susmann
Excellent service. Book arrived in perfect condition, as described. Thank you. I will be happy to recommend this service and to use it again.
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