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Congo, by Thomas Turner
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The Democratic Republic of Congo has become one of the world's bloodiest hot spots. 2003 saw the end of a five-year war in which millions lost their lives - one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II. Despite recent peace agreements and democratic elections, the country is still plagued by army and militia violence. Congo remains deeply troubled, since the deep-rooted causes of conflict have not been adequately addressed.
The conflict in the DRC has divided opinion; some call it a civil war, or a war of aggression by the country's neighbours; others a continuation of Rwanda's Hutu-Tutsi conflict on Congolose soil, and a war of partition and pillage. The prevalence of rape and sexual violence has led some analysts to mark it out as a hidden ‘war against women'. Tom Turner's insightful book reveals how each of these descriptions accurately captures the separate elements of this complex and multidimensional political conflict. In exploring each of these contributory factors, he shows how current attempts to rebuild the shattered state and society of DRC are doomed to fail. So long as the full complexity of the Congo crisis is not taken into account and a clear consensus as to its precise dimensions reached, the future looks bleak. The DRC, he argues, will likely remain a global hot spot for some time to come.
- Sales Rank: #1650249 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Polity
- Published on: 2013-05-20
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.60" h x .85" w x 5.50" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 240 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"This study is a remarkably compact and honest summary of incredibly complex events in Congo since 1998. Turner is among a handful of Congo observers with the breadth of knowledge and confidence to distill the country’s recent history in such an excellent manner. His digest of both the causes and consequences of Congo's recent tragedies will stimulate the thinking of laymen, students, and scholars alike."
John F. Clark, Florida International University
"The book on Congo that I have been waiting for: compact, powerful, and judicious. It is clear without oversimplifying the complexity. It provides an important historical perspective, and makes sexual violence central to the set of problems that need to be explained. Perfect for classroom use, and an excellent primer on the central issues for experts and readers of all hues."
Nancy Rose Hunt, University of Michigan
"With keen attention to historical detail, Turner offers a wide-ranging analysis of the political and humanitarian challenges posed by the Congo's agonies; no one seriously interested in taking the measure of the unfolding crisis can afford to ignore this compelling effort to make intelligible its never-ending quest for peace and stability."
René Lemarchand, University of Florida
About the Author
Thomas Turner is a DRC country specialist for Amnesty International USA and author of The Congo Wars.
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Incisive analysis of the Congo situation
By Robert E. Smith
Thomas Turner. Congo. Malden, MA: Polity, 2013.
Congo is the most recent book on Congo's unending conflicts, detailing all the parties involved, the complex peregrinations of that conflict since the invasion of 1996 that brought an end to Mobutu's 32 year reign, and some background history from the last century as it illuminates specific issues. Turner has spent a lifetime studying the political life of Congo, and writing and teaching about it. He brings another advantage: the insights of a Congolese wife. He has a wide knowledge of the extensive bibliography on his central topic. And he has been involved himself, as country specialist on DRC for Amnesty International for five years, in righting the wrongs in the nation. Those interested in understanding what is going on today in the Democratic Republic of Congo will certainly want to get a copy of this book.
The introductory chapter gives the historical background, beginning with the colonial period, and his view of the structure of his book.
"In Chapters 1 and 2, the question of the nature of the wars going on in DRC will be dealt with through consideration of the roles of major actors, both extra-continental and African." (11). He insists that in both the 1996 and the 1998, "Rwanda and Uganda, [were] the principal aggressors in both conflicts."(15) Among other African nations involved, some changing sides, were Zimbabwe, Angola, and Namibia. The details of other events of this period detailed are the coming of UN forces, Laurent Kabila's assassination, the 2006 and 2011 elections, and the ongoing conflicts in Eastern Congo. Non-African actors were the United States, France, Britain, China, and Belgium, whose involvement is described for both the colonial and independent periods.
Chapter 2 delves into more detail on the actions of African nations in Congo, with sections devoted to Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi, beginning with independence in 1960, but more thoroughly since the Rwandan genocide of 1994. He points out the UN report that "drew considerable attention for its assertion that the attacks by the Rwandan army and the AFDL against Rwandan and Congolese Hutu in 1996-7 might have amounted to genocide." (55) That was carried out by the Tutsi dominated army that took control in Rwanda after that 1994 genocide of largely Tutsi. Details on the Kony affair are in the Ugandan section. Pillage of Congolese resources was of course part of the picture for all these nations, although some of the exchange was in payment for military intervention to support the government. The chapter concludes: "DRC remains a hell on earth." (73)
"In Chapter 3, [states Turner] we shall move to consideration of the politics of identity." (12) Sections here are locals and strangers, language and politics, ethnic consciousness in Congo, ethnicity and autochthony in the Kivus (the most detailed), ethnicity, province, and nation in Katanga, religious identity in DRC, and the absence of class. Here as in other chapters Turner occasional dips back into colonial history as he explains some current issues.
"There is more to the fighting than sexual violence, and an important part of the sexual violence is not the result of the use of rape as a weapon. We shall attempt to unpack this in Chapter 4, and to untangle the links between identity politics, sexual violence, and conflict minerals." (13) Turner details the horror of the rapes, the unwanted pregnancies, the spread of HIV, and the disastrous psychological consequences for both victims and families of the victims. "DRC...is a terrible place to be a woman or a girl." (120)
All sides in the wars have been guilty, not only the rebel armies, but the national ones, some UN soldiers, and also civilians. Turner details not only the horrible realities of this epidemic, but the efforts to stop it and heal, such as those of Dr. Mukwenge of the Panzi Hospital.
"DRC is enormously rich in terms of minerals, and the illegal exploitation of some of those `conflict minerals' ...has been cited as a factor both financing the fighting and, at the same time, giving armed groups a reason to fight." (13) This is chapter 5. Again the complexities of all the companies, nations, rebel groups, and minerals involved are laid out, as are the NGOs such as Enough and Global Witness attempting to stop the plunder.
"We shall...devote Chapter 6 to the question of who is at fault in the multi-faceted Congo catastrophe." (13) He begins with a concise survey of the implementation of the "responsibility to protect" civilians over the last century, under both colonial and independent governments. This is followed by that issue in the post-Mobutu years, with multiple interventions by multiple actors, again concerning a state's responsibilities toward its population and the responsibility of the international community to intervene should a state fail to protect its own people. The United States policies come under scathing critique. "Real peace and security for the people of the region seem far off." (196) All in all, this final chapter is an excellent survey of the current situation. He concludes realistically that "`Africa's world war' supposedly ended in 2003, but a decade later the killing persists. The `rape capital of the world' continues to produce horrendous incidents of mass sexual violence. The pillage of Congo's minerals (`conflict minerals') is ongoing...the combination of great riches to be had, and a weak state largely incapable of repelling invaders, means that future wars are likely." (179, 202)
It is almost impossible to discover errors in either content or publication. There are four maps, extensive endnotes, a bibliography, and an index. An indication of the complexity of the material he is revealing is in the list of acronyms at the front: 80. Yes, 80, which the author deftly analyzes and places in context. So if you wish light to shine on the complexities of the Congolese situation, Turner's is the book to consult.
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